Refactor vectors to SBO, removing inlined entirely.

Avoid 2 levels of indirection, and having to allocate twice for small
payloads, by having an inlined array on the vector directly!
Beautiful and simple.

Required a bit of refactoring around the board, but overall the result
makes me feel happier.

7 files changed, 92 insertions, 131 deletions

diff --git a/alisp.h b/alisp.h
index bf12784..6621e89 100644
--- a/alisp.h
+++ b/alisp.h
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@
 #ifndef ALISP_H
 #define ALISP_H
 
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdalign.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 /// The bare fucking minimum
@@ -46,53 +49,46 @@ typedef struct
 
 sv_t sv_copy(sv_t);
 
-/// Good ol' Dynamic Arrays
+/// Dynamic arrays
+
+#define VEC_INLINE_CAPACITY 32
+#define VEC_MULT            2
+
 typedef struct Vector
 {
   u64 size, capacity;
-  void *data;
+  u8 is_inlined;
+  union
+  {
+    void *ptr;
+    alignas(max_align_t) u8 inlined[VEC_INLINE_CAPACITY];
+  };
 } vec_t;
 
-#define VEC_MULT             2
-#define VEC_DEFAULT_CAPACITY 8
+static_assert(sizeof(vec_t) == 64, "vec_t has to be 64 bytes");
 
+#define VEC_GET(V, T) ((T *)vec_data(V))
+
+void vec_init(vec_t *, u64);
 void vec_free(vec_t *);
+void *vec_data(vec_t *);
 void vec_ensure_free(vec_t *, u64);
 void vec_append(vec_t *, void *, u64);
 void vec_clone(vec_t *, vec_t *);
 
-/// Inlined Dynamic arrays
-typedef struct InlineVector
-{
-  u64 size, capacity;
-  u8 bytes[];
-} ivec_t;
-
-#define IVEC_GET(P)  (((ivec_t *)(P)) - 1)
-#define IVEC_SIZE(P) (IVEC_GET(P)->size)
-#define IVEC_CAP(P)  (IVEC_GET(P)->capacity)
-#define IVEC_MULT    2
-
-void ivec_make(void **, u64);
-void ivec_free(void **);
-void ivec_ensure_free(void **, u64);
-void ivec_append_byte(void **, u8);
-void ivec_append(void **, void *, u64);
-void ivec_clone(void **, void **);
-
 /// Symbol table
 typedef struct
 {
-  u64 count;     // How many strings?
-  u64 capacity;  // How many entry buckets?
-  sv_t *entries; // this is actually a vector on the inside lol
+  u64 count;    // How many strings?
+  u64 capacity; // How many entry buckets?
+  vec_t entries;
 } sym_table_t;
 
-#define SYM_TABLE_INIT_SIZE 1024
+#define SYM_TABLE_INIT_SIZE (1 << 10)
 
 u64 djb2(sv_t string);
 void sym_table_init(sym_table_t *);
-sv_t *sym_table_find(sym_table_t *, sv_t);
+char *sym_table_find(sym_table_t *, sv_t);
 void sym_table_cleanup(sym_table_t *);
 
 /// Basic defintions for a Lisp
@@ -123,7 +119,7 @@ lisp_t *intern(sys_t *, sv_t);
 lisp_t *cons(sys_t *, lisp_t *, lisp_t *);
 
 i64 as_int(lisp_t *);
-sv_t *as_sym(lisp_t *);
+char *as_sym(lisp_t *);
 cons_t *as_cons(lisp_t *);
 vec_t *as_vec(lisp_t *);
 
@@ -168,7 +164,7 @@ enum Mask
 tag_t get_tag(lisp_t *);
 
 lisp_t *tag_int(i64);
-lisp_t *tag_sym(sv_t *);
+lisp_t *tag_sym(char *);
 lisp_t *tag_cons(cons_t *);
 lisp_t *tag_vec(vec_t *);
 
diff --git a/build.sh b/build.sh
index c97fac8..878c28c 100644
--- a/build.sh
+++ b/build.sh
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env sh
 
 CFLAGS="-Wall -Wextra -std=c11 -ggdb -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=undefined"
-SRC="vec.c ivec.c symtable.c tag.c constructor.c sys.c main.c"
+SRC="vec.c symtable.c tag.c constructor.c sys.c main.c"
 OUT="alisp.out"
 
 set -xe
diff --git a/constructor.c b/constructor.c
index 910ed2a..9db0330 100644
--- a/constructor.c
+++ b/constructor.c
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ lisp_t *cons(sys_t *sys, lisp_t *car, lisp_t *cdr)
 lisp_t *make_vec(sys_t *sys, u64 capacity)
 {
   vec_t *vec = calloc(1, sizeof(*vec));
-  vec_ensure_free(vec, MAX(capacity, VEC_DEFAULT_CAPACITY));
+  vec_init(vec, capacity);
   lisp_t *ptr = tag_vec(vec);
   sys_register(sys, ptr);
   return ptr;
@@ -43,6 +43,6 @@ lisp_t *make_vec(sys_t *sys, u64 capacity)
 
 lisp_t *intern(sys_t *sys, sv_t sv)
 {
-  sv_t *str = sym_table_find(&sys->symtable, sv);
+  char *str = sym_table_find(&sys->symtable, sv);
   return tag_sym(str);
 }
diff --git a/ivec.c b/ivec.c
deleted file mode 100644
index dc0f001..0000000
--- a/ivec.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-/* Copyright (C) 2025 Aryadev Chavali
-
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
- * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the Unlicense for details.
-
- * You may distribute and modify this code under the terms of the Unlicense,
- * which you should have received a copy of along with this program.  If not,
- * please go to <https://unlicense.org/>.
-
- * Created: 2025-08-19
- * Description: Inline Vector implementation
- */
-
-#include <malloc.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include "./alisp.h"
-
-void ivec_make(void **ptr, u64 size)
-{
-  if (!ptr)
-    return;
-  ivec_t *ivector   = calloc(1, sizeof(*ivector) + size);
-  ivector->size     = 0;
-  ivector->capacity = size;
-  *ptr              = (ivector + 1);
-}
-
-void ivec_free(void **data)
-{
-  if (!data || !*data)
-    return;
-  free(IVEC_GET(*data));
-  *data = NULL;
-}
-
-void ivec_ensure_free(void **ptr, u64 space)
-{
-  if (!ptr || !*ptr)
-    return;
-  ivec_t *ivec = IVEC_GET(*ptr);
-  if (ivec->capacity - ivec->size < space)
-  {
-    void *new_ivec = NULL;
-    ivec_make(&new_ivec, MAX(ivec->capacity * IVEC_MULT, ivec->size + space));
-    IVEC_SIZE(new_ivec) = ivec->size;
-    memcpy(new_ivec, *ptr, ivec->size);
-    ivec_free(ptr);
-    *ptr = new_ivec;
-  }
-}
-
-void ivec_append_byte(void **ptr, u8 byte)
-{
-  ivec_ensure_free(ptr, 1);
-  ivec_t *ivec              = IVEC_GET(*ptr);
-  ivec->bytes[ivec->size++] = byte;
-}
-
-void ivec_append(void **ptr, void *data, u64 size)
-{
-  ivec_ensure_free(ptr, size);
-  ivec_t *ivec = IVEC_GET(*ptr);
-  memcpy(*ptr + ivec->size, data, size);
-  ivec->size += size;
-}
-
-void ivec_clone(void **dest, void **src)
-{
-  if (!dest || !src || !*src)
-    return;
-  ivec_make(dest, IVEC_SIZE(*src));
-  memcpy(*dest, *src, IVEC_SIZE(*src));
-  IVEC_SIZE(*dest) = IVEC_SIZE(*src);
-}
diff --git a/symtable.c b/symtable.c
index 1358b5e..c804344 100644
--- a/symtable.c
+++ b/symtable.c
@@ -29,39 +29,43 @@ void sym_table_init(sym_table_t *table)
 {
   table->capacity = MAX(table->capacity, SYM_TABLE_INIT_SIZE);
   table->count    = 0;
-  ivec_make((void **)&table->entries,
-            table->capacity * sizeof(*table->entries));
+  vec_init(&table->entries, table->capacity * sizeof(sv_t));
 }
 
-sv_t *sym_table_find(sym_table_t *table, sv_t sv)
+char *sym_table_find(sym_table_t *table, sv_t sv)
 {
   // WIP: Deal with resizing this when table->count > table->size / 2
   u64 index = djb2(sv) & (table->capacity - 1);
 
-  for (sv_t comp  = table->entries[index]; comp.data; index += 1,
-            index = index & (table->capacity - 1), comp = table->entries[index])
+  for (sv_t comp = VEC_GET(&table->entries, sv_t)[index]; comp.data; index += 1,
+            index = index & (table->capacity - 1),
+            comp  = VEC_GET(&table->entries, sv_t)[index])
     // Is it present in the table?
     if (sv.size == comp.size && strncmp(sv.data, comp.data, sv.size) == 0)
       break;
 
   // we couldn't find it in our linear search (worst case scenario)
-  if (!table->entries[index].data)
+  if (!VEC_GET(&table->entries, sv_t)[index].data)
   {
-    sv_t newsv            = sv_copy(sv);
-    table->entries[index] = newsv;
+    sv_t newsv                            = sv_copy(sv);
+    VEC_GET(&table->entries, sv_t)[index] = newsv;
     ++table->count;
   }
 
-  return table->entries + index;
+  return VEC_GET(&table->entries, sv_t)[index].data;
 }
 
 void sym_table_cleanup(sym_table_t *table)
 {
   // kill the data
+  sv_t current = {0};
   for (u64 i = 0; i < table->capacity; ++i)
-    if (table->entries[i].data)
-      free(table->entries[i].data);
+  {
+    current = VEC_GET(&table->entries, sv_t)[i];
+    if (current.data)
+      free(current.data);
+  }
   // kill the container
-  ivec_free((void **)&table->entries);
+  vec_free(&table->entries);
   memset(table, 0, sizeof(*table));
 }
diff --git a/tag.c b/tag.c
index 874d532..8ca688a 100644
--- a/tag.c
+++ b/tag.c
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ lisp_t *tag_int(i64 i)
   return TAG((u64)i, INT);
 }
 
-lisp_t *tag_sym(sv_t *str)
+lisp_t *tag_sym(char *str)
 {
   return TAG((u64)str, SYM);
 }
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ i64 as_int(lisp_t *obj)
       ;
 }
 
-sv_t *as_sym(lisp_t *obj)
+char *as_sym(lisp_t *obj)
 {
   assert(IS_TAG(obj, SYM));
-  return (sv_t *)UNTAG(obj, SYM);
+  return (char *)UNTAG(obj, SYM);
 }
 
 cons_t *as_cons(lisp_t *obj)
diff --git a/vec.c b/vec.c
index 84f6944..c9128b5 100644
--- a/vec.c
+++ b/vec.c
@@ -18,15 +18,39 @@
 
 #include "./alisp.h"
 
+void vec_init(vec_t *vec, u64 size)
+{
+  memset(vec, 0, sizeof(*vec));
+  if (!vec)
+    return;
+  else if (size <= VEC_INLINE_CAPACITY)
+  {
+    vec->is_inlined = 1;
+    vec->capacity   = VEC_INLINE_CAPACITY;
+    vec->ptr        = NULL;
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    vec->is_inlined = 0;
+    vec->capacity   = size;
+    vec->ptr        = calloc(1, vec->capacity);
+  }
+}
+
 void vec_free(vec_t *vec)
 {
   if (!vec)
     return;
-  if (vec->data)
-    free(vec->data);
+  if (!vec->is_inlined && vec->ptr)
+    free(vec->ptr);
   memset(vec, 0, sizeof(*vec));
 }
 
+void *vec_data(vec_t *vec)
+{
+  return vec->is_inlined ? vec->inlined : vec->ptr;
+}
+
 void vec_ensure_free(vec_t *vec, u64 size)
 {
   if (!vec)
@@ -34,7 +58,21 @@ void vec_ensure_free(vec_t *vec, u64 size)
   if (vec->capacity - vec->size < size)
   {
     vec->capacity = MAX(vec->capacity * VEC_MULT, vec->size + size);
-    vec->data     = realloc(vec->data, vec->capacity);
+    if (vec->is_inlined)
+    {
+      // If we're inlined, we need to allocate on the heap now.  So let's copy
+      // vec->inlined over to vec->ptr, then turn off inlining.
+
+      // We need to do a two-way swap since vec->ptr and vec->inlined are taking
+      // up the same space.
+      u8 buffer[VEC_INLINE_CAPACITY];
+      memcpy(buffer, vec->inlined, vec->size);
+      vec->ptr = calloc(1, vec->capacity);
+      memcpy(vec->ptr, buffer, vec->size);
+      vec->is_inlined = 0;
+    }
+    else
+      vec->ptr = realloc(vec->ptr, vec->capacity);
   }
 }
 
@@ -43,7 +81,7 @@ void vec_append(vec_t *vec, void *ptr, u64 size)
   if (!vec)
     return;
   vec_ensure_free(vec, size);
-  memcpy(vec->data + vec->size, ptr, size);
+  memcpy(vec_data(vec) + vec->size, ptr, size);
   vec->size += size;
 }
 
@@ -51,7 +89,6 @@ void vec_clone(vec_t *dest, vec_t *src)
 {
   if (!src || !dest)
     return;
-  dest       = src;
-  dest->data = calloc(1, dest->capacity);
-  memcpy(dest->data, src->data, src->size);
+  vec_init(dest, src->capacity);
+  memcpy(vec_data(dest), vec_data(src), src->size);
 }